Starting in the 1960s, the American artist Judy Chicago dared to propose an “openly female-centred art” in opposition to the male-dominated art scene. She started working with fireworks and coloured smoke with the intent to feminise and soften the environment, in contrast to much of the Land Art of the time that typically controlled and imposed violent gestures upon it. In the early 1970s, Chicago established the first feminist art programme in the United States at California State University. She subsequently brought a group of her students to the desert, painted their bodies and photographed them immersed in smoke. The woman in Immolation, which is part of Chicago’s Women and Smoke series, is the artist Faith Wilding. The image is informed by Chicago’s research into immolation as the ultimate form of protest, referring contemporaneously to Buddhist monks who self-immolated in protest against the Vietnam War as well as the Indian practice of sati, for which widows were forced to self-immolate in a funeral fire.